Possibility

ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใชใ„

Express a possibility, like โ€œperhapsโ€. By order of politeness: ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ > ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใชใ„ > ใ‹ใ‚‚.

Example

ไปŠๆ—ฅใ‚‚ๆฅใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใชใ„ใ€‚ He might come today too.

ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใŸใ‚‰

Means โ€œperhapsโ€, โ€œmaybeโ€. Usually completed by ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใชใ„. Can be used as ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใŸใ‚‰, ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‹ใ™ใ‚‹ใจ and ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใฆ.

Example

ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใฆไปŠๆ—ฅใใ‚‡ใ†ใ‚‚้ƒตไพฟๅฑ€ๅ“กใ‚†ใ†ใณใ‚“ใใ‚‡ใใ„ใ‚“ใŒๆฅใพใ›ใ‚“ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใชใ„ใ€‚ Perhaps the postman will not come today either.

ใ‹ใญใชใ„

V (ใพใ™)

N + ใซ

+ ใ‹ใญใชใ„

Means โ€œpossiblyโ€, โ€œmightโ€, โ€œcould beโ€. Usually used for negative outcomes. Mostly used in written language.

Example

ใ“ใฎ้“ใฟใกใฏๅฑใ‚ใถใชใ„ใฎใงไบ‹ๆ•…ใ˜ใ“ใŒ่ตทใŠใใ‹ใญใชใ„ใ€‚ This road is dangerous, so an accident might happen.

ๆใ‚‰ใ

ๆใŠใใ‚‰ใ means โ€œprobablyโ€, โ€œperhapsโ€. Placed at the beginning of a phrase. Implies a high probability.

Example

ๆใ‚‰ใๅฝผๅฅณใ‹ใฎใ˜ใ‚‡ใฏไปŠๆ—ฅใใ‚‡ใ†ใ‚‚ๆฅใ“ใชใ„ใ€‚ She probably wonโ€™t come today either.

ใ“ใจใŒใงใใ‚‹

Means โ€œcanโ€, โ€œable toโ€. It has the same meaning as the potential form (see Conjugation Basics). ้ฃŸในใ‚‹ โ‡’ ้ฃŸในใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹ = ้ฃŸในใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใ‚‹.

Example

่‹ฑ่ชžใˆใ„ใ”ใ‚’่ฉฑใฏใชใ™ใ“ใจใŒๅ‡บๆฅใชใ„ใ€‚ I cannot speak English.

ใชใ„ใ“ใจใฏใชใ„

V (ใชใ„)

ใ„-Adj ใ„ ใใชใ„

ใช-Adj + ใงใฏใชใ„

N + ใงใฏใชใ„

+ ใ“ใจใฏใชใ„

Means โ€œnot impossible toโ€, โ€œit is not thatโ€. Used with negative forms.

Example

ๆœฌใ‚’่ชญใ‚ˆใพใชใ„ใ“ใจใฏใชใ„ใงใ™ใŒใ€ๆœ€่ฟ‘ใ•ใ„ใใ‚“ใฏๆš‡ใฒใพใŒใชใ„ใ€‚ Itโ€™s not that I donโ€™t read books, itโ€™s just that I donโ€™t have free time these days.

ๆใ‚ŒใŒใ‚ใ‚‹

V (ใ‚‹ใƒปใชใ„)

ใ„-Adj

ใช-Adj + ใช

N + ใฎ

+ ๆใ‚‰ใใŒใ‚ใ‚‹

ๆใŠใใ‚ŒใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ means โ€œthere is a risk thatโ€. Used when something bad could happen.

Example

ใพใŸๅœฐ้œ‡ใ˜ใ—ใ‚“ใฎๆใ‚‰ใใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€‚ๆฐ—ใใ‚’ไป˜ใคใ‘ใฆใ€‚ There will probably be another earthquake. Please be careful.

ใ‚ˆใ†ใงใฏ

Means โ€œifโ€. Used when the result would be bad. Used with verbs.

Example

ๅŒ–ใฐใ‘็‰ฉใ‚‚ใฎใŒๆฅใใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใงใฏใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใ‚’้ฃŸใŸในใกใ‚ƒใ†ใ‚ˆใ€‚ If a monster comes, it will eat you.

ใ‚‚ใฎใชใ‚‰

V (potential ใ‚Œใ‚‹)

+ ใ‚‚ใฎใชใ‚‰

Means โ€œif A were possible, then Bโ€. Implies that A is either impossible or unlikely.

Example

ๅˆๆ ผใ”ใ†ใ‹ใใงใใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใชใ‚‰ใ€ไธ–็•Œไธญใ›ใ‹ใ„ใ˜ใ‚…ใ†ไธ€็•ชใ„ใกใฐใ‚“ใ†ใ‚Œใ—ใ„ใชใ‚ใ€‚ If I could pass, I would be the happiest in the world (but it is unlikely Iโ€™ll pass).

ใชใ„ใ“ใจใซใฏ๏ฝžใชใ„

V (ใชใ„)

ใ„-Adj (ใชใ„)

ใช-Adj + ใงใชใ„

N + ใงใ‚ใ‚‹

+ ใ“ใจใซใฏ +

V (ใชใ„)

Means โ€œunless you do somethingโ€.

Examples

้‹่ปขใ†ใ‚“ใฆใ‚“ๅ…่จฑใ‚ใ‚“ใใ‚‡ใ‚’ๆŒใ‚‚ใฃใŸใชใ„ใ“ใจใซใฏ้‹่ปขใ†ใ‚“ใฆใ‚“ใงใใชใ„ใ€‚ You canโ€™t drive unless you have a driving licence.

ใซใ—ใ‚~ใซใ—ใ‚

V

+ ใซใ—ใ‚ +

V

+ ใซใ—ใ‚

ใ„-Adj

+ ใซใ—ใ‚ +

ใ„-Adj

+ ใซใ—ใ‚

ใช-Adj

+ ใ“ใจใฏ +

ใช-Adj

+ ใซใ—ใ‚

N

+ ใ“ใจใฏ +

N

+ ใซใ—ใ‚

Means โ€œwhetherโ€ฆ orโ€. Can be used as ใซใ›ใ‚ใซใ›ใ‚ or ใซใ—ใฆใ‚‚ใซใ—ใฆใ‚‚, which is more formal.

Example

ๅ‹•็‰ฉใฉใ†ใถใคใซใ—ใ‚ๆค็‰ฉใ—ใ‚‡ใใถใคใซใ—ใ‚ใ€ใใฎ็‰ฉ่ณชใถใฃใ—ใคใฏๅฑ้™บใใ‘ใ‚“ใงใ™ใ€‚ Whether animals or plants, the substance is dangerous.

ใชใใฏใชใ„ใƒปใชใใ‚‚ใชใ„

V (ใชใใฆ)

ใ„-Adj (ใ) + ใชใ

ใช-Adj + ใงใฏ + ใชใ

N + ใŒใƒปใฏใƒปใซ + ใชใ

+ ใฏใชใ„ใƒปใ‚‚ใชใ„

Means โ€œitโ€™s not thatโ€. With potential form of verbs, means that something is possible, despite seeming not.

Examples

ใ‚„ใ‚‹ๆฐ—ใใŒใชใใฏใชใ„ใ€ๆ™‚้–“ใ˜ใ‹ใ‚“ใฏๅฐ‘ใ™ใใชใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚ Itโ€™s not that I donโ€™t have the will, I just donโ€™t have time.