Reason
ので
V
い-Adj
な-Adj + な
N + だ
+ ので
Used after a reason, to explain the consequence. Means “because of”, “since”. It is more objective than から: it expresses a situation that exists, and that is outside of one’s control. For this reason, it can also be perceived as more polite.
Example
雨なので傘を持ってきてください。 Since it is raining, please bring an umbrella.
から
See Because. It is more subjective than ので: it expresses more personal needs/actions/opinions.
ことから
V
い-Adj
な-Adj + な
N + の
+ ことから
Means “based on the fact that”. Most formal than から, and puts an emphasis on it being true (objective information).
Example
部屋から音があることから、誰かいるはずです。 From the fact that there is sound coming from the room, someone must be there.
んです・のです
V
い-Adj
な-Adj + な
N + だ
+ んだ・んです・のだ・のです
It is used to explain or put emphasis on something. のだ・のです is a bit more formal than んだ・んです. It is only used with nouns when asking questions.
Example
良い仕事なのですか。 Is it a good job?
もう言ったんだよ! I’ve already told you!
のは・のが
Means “the reason for A is B”, “doing A is B”. See のは・のが sentence as noun.
なぜなら~から
result
+ なぜなら +
reason
+ から
Means “the reason is”. There are three variations:
- なぜなら(ば)
- なぜかというと
- どうしてかというと
Example
それを言えない!どうしてかというと秘密だから。 I cannot tell you that! Why, because it’s a secret.
そのために
goal
+ そのため(に) +
action
Means “for that reason”, “because of”. See also ために.
Example
丸い日働いていた、そのために今寝に行きます。 I worked the whole day. For that reason, I’m going to bed.
日本に行きたい。そのために、日本語をちゃんと勉強しています。 I want to go to Japan. In order to do so, I’m studying seriously.
わけだ・わけではない
V
い-Adj
な-Adj + な
N + の
+ わけだ・わけではない
わけだ・わけです means “for that reason”, “as you’d expect”. わけではない・わけじゃない means “it doesn’t mean that”.
Example
毎日料理を作るからうまくになったわけだ。 I got good at cooking because I cook every day.
See also わけがない.
からこそ
Means “precisely because”. Made with the から and こそ particles, to emphasize the reason.
Example
清潔だからこそ快適です。 It’s precisely because it’s clean that it is comfortable.
⚠ Uses the same rules as から.
ことだから
Means “exactly because”. Usually used to talk about something characteristic to someone. Used with nouns + の.
Example
彼女のことだから、必ず来ます。 It’s precisely because it’s her that I’m sure she’ll come.
につき
Means “due to”. Used when a change happens. It is formal.
Example
年次休業につき、セールが開催中。 Due to the annual closure, a sale is being held.
もの・もん
V (+ んだ)
い-Adj (+ んだ)
な-Adj (+ なんだ)
N (+ なんだ)
+ もの・もん
Means “because”. It is usually casual.
Example
具合が悪い。。。臭いんだもの。 I don’t feel well… because something stinks.
ものだから
V
い-Adj
な-Adj + な
N + な
+ ものだから・ものですから・もんだから
Means “because”. Used to emphasize what has been said before, the reason for something, explaining something, or giving an excuse.
Example
電車事故があったものだから、私は遅れてしまった。 There was a train accident, so I was late.
Positive
おかげで
V
い-Adj
な-Adj + な
N + の
+ おかげで
Means “because of”. Used for positive contexts, like “thanks to”.
Example
あなたのおかげで勝った。 We won because of you.
だけあって
V
い-Adj
な-Adj + な
N
+ だけあって・だけのことはあって
Means “being the case”, “as expected”, “precisely because”. Only used for positive results.
Examples
彼女だけあって、美しい服を着た。 As expected of her, she wore beautiful clothes.
Negative
せいで
V
い-Adj
な-Adj + な
N + の
+ せいで
Means “because of”. Mostly used for negative contexts, to blame, etc.
Example
あなたのせいで負けた。 We lost because of you.
ばかりに
V
い-Adj
な-Adj + な
N
+ ばかりに
Means “simply because”. Usually used for negative results.
Example
彼はたった一つミスをしたばかりに解雇されました。 He was fired after making only one mistake.
Since… it’s obvious that…
All three patterns mean “because A… obviously B”. They have slight differences. Used when talking about things like decision, judgement, etc.
上は
上は is the most formal form. Used with verbs (る, た forms).
Example
先生が言った上は必ずする。 Since the teacher said it, I will definitely do it.
以上は
V
い-Adj
な-Adj + である
N + である
+ 以上は
以上は is formal. Only with this form, both parts of the sentence can talk about different persons.
Example
彼がまだ来ません以上は、今帰ります。 Since he still have not come, I’m going home now.
からには
It is used in conversations. Can only be used for talking about oneself. Generally used for positive results. Used with verbs.
Examples
お金があるからには、いい家を買うつもりです。 Since I have money, I plan to buy a nice house.